Some possible Revision Notes for the chapter "Molecular Basis of Inheritance " in Class 12 Biology are:
Introduction
The blueprint for all organisms, from single-cell bacteria to complex multicellular animals, is stored in the genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Underlying the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that govern the inheritance of genes, and the traits of the organisms they encode, is a complex and fascinating interplay of molecular processes.
Structure of DNA
The DNA molecule is a double-stranded helix, consisting of two strands of nucleotides wound around each other. The nucleotides themselves consist of a sugar-phosphate backbone and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine) attached to the sugar.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA before cell division. The process is semi-conservative, in that each of the two resulting DNA molecules consists of one strand of the original DNA molecule and one newly synthesized strand.
TranscriptionDuring transcription, the DNA code is transcribed into an RNA message, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis. The RNA polymerase enzyme reads the DNA molecule and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule, using base pairing rules (A-U and C-G).
Translation
During translation, the RNA code is translated into a protein sequence, using the genetic code. The genetic code is based on a sequence of three nucleotides, called codons, which specify a particular amino acid.
Genetic Mutations
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can have a variety of effects, from no effect to serious consequences. Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation of DNA molecules to create new combinations of genes. The technology has many applications, including genetic engineering, agriculture, and medicine.
Gene Expression
Gene expression refers to the process by which the information encoded in DNA is used to produce proteins, which are the building blocks of cells and the units of function. Gene expression is controlled by a complex network of regulatory molecules and pathways.
Conclusion
The molecular basis of inheritance is a complex and fascinating field of study, with many practical applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the inheritance of traits is essential for the development of new technologies and the advancement of science.
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